Thursday

Word Shortening–Clipping

word_cut
Clipping a word means to take away one or more syllables from a word. These types of words are most commonly used in informal English. The part of the word that is subtracted can be at the beginning or at the end of a word. Usually this occurs with longer words so that speaking can be done at a more efficient pace. Here is a list of examples of the more common clipped words used in English.
 
  • phone - telephone
  • plane – airplane
  • photo - photograph
  • math - mathematics
  • gym - gymnasium
  • piano - pianoforte
  • sax - saxophone
  • fax - facsimile
  • flu - influenza
  • fridge – refrigerator
  • gent – gentleman
  • burger – hamburger
  • auto – automobile
  • biz – business
  • celeb – celebrity
  • deli – delicatessen
  • exam – examination
  • gator – alligator
  • hippo – hippopotamus
  • hood – neighborhood
  • info – information
  • intro – introduction
  • lab – laboratory
  • limo – limousine
  • mayo – mayonnaise
  • max - maximum
  • perm – permanent
  • ref - referee
  • rhino – rhinoceros
  • reps – repetitions
  • demo – demonstration
  • stats – statistics
  • temp – temperature
  • specs – spectacles
  • tux – tuxedo
  • ump – umpire
  • vet - veterinarian
  • vet – veteran
  • pants – pantaloons
  • dorm – dormitory
  • prom – promenade
  • fan - fanatic
  • ad – advertisement
  • bike – bicycle
  • lunch – luncheon
  • memo – memorandum
  • typo – typographical error
  • chute – parachute
  • gas – gasoline
  • doc – doctor
  • pro – professional
  • piano – pianoforte
  • condo – condominium
  • chimp – chimpanzee
  • champ – champion
  • con – convict
  • mic – microphone
  • tie - necktie
 
These are just a few, there are many many more. If you’re interested in learning more, search the internet for clipped words or shortened words. It might also be interesting for you to know that the same thing is done with proper names, such as Betty, Beth, Liz for Elizabeth or Dave for David. You can also find these with an online search for clipped names, shortened proper names or nicknames.
As always, feel free to leave a comment, suggestion or email me.
Have a great day!

Tuesday

Blended Words in English

English Vocabulary Quick Reference: A Dictionary Arranged by Word RootsBlended words can be confusing to people learning the English language, because unlike adding an affix, i.e., prefix, suffix or infix, they are made up of two words, usually the beginning of one and the end of another, to form a new word.Sometimes you may find these blended words in the dictionary, but sometimes you won't. You can look them up on the Internet, though.
 Listed here are some of the more commonly used blended words with an example sentence.

→ chortle – a word made by combining chuckle and snort.
     ‘When Mary saw the cartoon she chortled.'

→ guesstimate - a word made by combing guess and estimate.
     ‘I’m not sure how much that car costs, but I guesstimate around thirty thousand dollars.’

→ melodrama - a word made by combing melody and drama.
     ‘Meg stop making a melodrama out of everything, you exaggerate your emotions so much!’

→ motel – a word made by combing motor and hotel.
     ‘I drive a semi truck for a living and I usually sleep at motels.’

→ republicrat – a word made by combining Republican and Democrat.
     ‘I’m not really a republican nor democrat, but I agree with parts of both sides, so I must be a republicrat.'

→ smog - a word made by combining smoke and fog.
     ‘Los Angeles, California is well known for having a lot of smog.'

→ spork - a word made by combining spoon and fork.
     ‘Plastic sporks are usually included in take out meals.’

→televangelist - a word made by combining television and evangelist.
     ‘A televangelist is a preacher who gives sermons on TV.’

→ emoticon - a word made by combining emotion and icon.
     ‘You can find thousands of emoticons online these days.’

→ Internet - a word made by combining inter and network.
     ‘The Internet links millions of computers worldwide.’

→ freeware - a word made by combining free and software.
     ‘Many sites online offer freeware as an alternative to buying software.’

→ gasohol - a word made by combining gas and alcohol.
     ‘My grandfather’s car runs on gasohol.’

→ docudrama - a word made by combining documentary and drama.
     ‘Michael Moore has produced some very good docudramas.’

→ infomercial - a word made by combining information and commercial.
     ‘There are far too many infomercials on television these days.’

→ Bollywood - a word made by combining Bombay and Hollywood.
     ‘I love Bollywood films, however they are longer than American films and very dramatic.’

→ dancercise - a word made by combining dance and exercise.
     ‘Dancercise is much more fun than plain exercise.’

→ brunch – a word made by combining breakfast and lunch.
     ‘Let’s meet Monday for brunch, about 11:00 a.m.’

→ dumbfound – a word made by combining dumb and confound.
     I was really dumbfounded by the the acts of violence in the street fight.’

→ sitcom - a word made by combining situation and comedy
     ‘Sometimes I just like to watch sitcoms when I feel bad. They make me laugh.’

These are not all of them, there are many, many more. Some are more common, like the ones I have listed here and some you may never see used. Just remember that these word forms exist and sometimes when you can’t find a word in the dictionary and you cannot guess the meaning, trying looking it up under blended words.
If you have any that you find interesting, or just want to add to the list, feel free to leave a comment or email me.
Have a great day!

Wednesday

The Auxiliary Verb ‘Have’ in English

The auxiliary verb (or helping verb) ‘have’ is used to form compound tenses (using more than one verb in the tense) in active and passive voice using the past participle (V3).
Have is also an irregular verb:
Simple Present:
  • I – we – you – they = have
  • he – she - it = has
Simple Past:
  • I – he – she – it – we – you - they = had
Past Participle:
  • had

Active Voice Sentence Structure
subject + have + verb (past participle = pp) + object
  • Present Perfect Simple:
John has eaten the cake.
  • Past Perfect Simple:
Sally had finished the homework before the class ended.
  • Present Perfect Progressive:
She has been studying very hard.
  • Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been reading when the phone rang.
 
Passive Voice Sentence Structure
object+ have + verb (past participle = pp) + verb
  • Present Perfect:
The car has been fixed.
  • Past Perfect:
The students had been worried.

Interrogative (Yes/No) Structure
have + subject + verb (past participle = pp) + object
  • Present Perfect Simple:
Has John eaten the cake?
  • Past Perfect Simple:
Had Sally finished the homework before the class ended?
  • Present Perfect Progressive:
Has she  been studying very hard?
  • Past Perfect Progressive:
Had he been reading when the phone rang?

Interrogative (‘Wh’) Structure
‘Wh’ + have + subject + verb (past participle = pp)
  • Present Perfect Simple:
What has John eaten?
  • Past Perfect Simple:
When had Sally finished the homework?
  • Present Perfect Progressive:
How has she  been studying?
  • Past Perfect Progressive:
What had he been reading when the phone rang?

If anyone who reads this has a question or needs something explained further, please click on ‘comments’ and leave a comment for me. I will be happy to answer you!

Have a great day!



Word of the Day



Tuesday

The Auxiliary Verb ‘Do’

The auxiliary verb ‘do’ in English (also called a helping verb), has the job of giving further information about the main verb in a sentence. It is used most commonly in interrogative (question) and negative constructions. Such as these examples:
  1. Do you want to go to the party on Thursday? / Does he like the new sweater you bought him? (interrogative, yes/no answer)
  2. What do you want to do this weekend? What does he like to do on Saturdays? (interrogative with ‘Wh” word, information answer)
  3. I don’t want to go to the party. / He doesn’t like the sweater. (negative)
Also, when using an auxiliary in a sentence, we do not change the main verb, it stays in the infinitive form. The same rule applies when using the past auxiliary ‘did’.
Example:
She likes reading books.  (We change the verb ‘like’ to 3rd person singular.)
She doesn’t like reading books. (The verb stays in its infinitive form)


The structure of the sentence:

Negative Statement: Subject + Auxiliary + ‘not’ + Verb
I don’t like going to the movies.
She doesn’t eat meat.
Information Question: ‘Wh’ Question Word + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb
Where do you live?
Who does she look like?
*When answering this type of question, we do not use the auxiliary ‘do’ in the answer.
What does she like to eat for lunch.
She likes to eat salad.
 She does like to eat salad.
Yes/No Question: Auxiliary+Subject+Verb
Do you go to Europe in the summer?
Does your sister study Spanish?
*When answering yes/no questions, we can use the auxiliary in the answer:
Do you like spinach?
Yes, I do. or No, I don’t.
Or we can just answer yes or no.
Do you want some water?
Yes, thank you.

We use ‘did’ for the past tense in all persons:
 
Negative Statement: Subject + Auxiliary + ‘not’ + Verb
I didn’t like the movie we saw last night.
She didn’t like horror films when she was a child.
They didn’t have class on Monday.
Information Question: ‘Wh’ Question Word+Auxiliary+Subject + Verb
What did I say to you?
What did he study in college?
Who did they say they were visiting last week?
Yes/No Question: Auxiliary+Subject+Verb
Did you like the zoo?
Did your mother cook this meal?
Did we forget our books on the table?
 
Here are exercises for practice:



Word of the Day



Wednesday

Study Tips for Language Learning

Practical and Effective Tips for Learning Foreign LanguagesLearning a language can be a long, hard road. Anything that we can do that would be helpful in achieving our goal is always appreciated. I know I do when someone gives me an idea on how to do something better or in a different way.

Everyone has a their own system for studying, and  sharing study tips can be helpful. Perhaps they can give you an idea on how to get over that particular stumbling block that's been in your way.

While reading theses tips, try to imagine how they would affect or improve the way you study.

  • Watch, listen and imitate. How do little babies learn to speak? They watch the people around them, listen to the sounds that are made and imitate them. You can tell that they understand what is being said to them after a while, but it takes a little longer for them to vocalize these same words. Nevertheless, this is a good system to use when trying to learn a language. 
Watch videos, movies, TV or just watch and listen to people who are using English outside or inside the home. 
Listen to the other students in your class when they speak. Did they pronounce correctly? Did they use the correct word? Was there a mistake? You can learn a lot from your own or other people's mistakes. Pay attention.
  • Speak. You have to speak out loud in order to hear yourself pronounce the words. Saying something in your head isn't going to be enough. Read books aloud or read your lessons aloud when you study. 
Learn short phrases and practice them until you say them right.  
Record yourself and listen to the way you are pronouncing words. 
Speak up in class and if your teacher corrects you, repeat the correction over and over a few times. 
Watch learning videos online and repeat the lesson in front of the mirror. Does your mouth move in the same way when you pronounce those words?
  • Keep a vocabulary notebook. I would recommend a beginner to learn at least 5 new words a day and higher levels more. You know best what you can do. 
Buy a small, cheap notebook and draw a line down the middle of the page. On the left write the words you are learning and on the right the translation of the word in your language. Then, fold the page so that the words in your language don't show. 
After that, study the words, recite them, spell them, and learn the definition in English. As soon as you have learned all the words on that page, you can start a new page in the same way, except that while learning the new daily words, you have to review all the words you have previously learned. 
If you have forgotten any of the old words, you must write it on a new list and learn it again. 
This is a pretty good system and I've had a lot of success with it over the years.  
  •   Read everything you can in English. Practice trying to read by context. Do not translate every single word, it will take you forever. 
Start out with children's books because they're fairly easy to read and you will start to be familiar with common phrases. Also, they usually have pictures and those will help you with understand the context. 
Listen to a song in English, perhaps something slow, and look up the lyrics on the Internet. This will help you to practice reading quickly while you follow the words of the song on the screen. 
Get the English version of your countries newspaper or even get English newspapers online. 
Whatever you do, just practice your reading every day. Being consistent is what helps you to become better.
  •  Make a study schedule and keep it. Take a certain time, every day and set that aside for your language learning studies. 
It doesn't have to be once a day, you can divide it up into different segments. Perhaps a half hour in the morning, an hour in the afternoon and another slot of time in the evening. Do whatever your time will allow, but do it. 
Your study area should be neat and free of noise. You can't concentrate in a noisy, cluttered space.
Do not deviate from your schedule. If you absolutely have to, you must make up for it. For example, if you have an appointment and can't study at your usual time, make your study time earlier or later the same day. You should really try to keep to your schedule as much as you can.

Do you have any tips that you use and you feel they help you immensely? What other study habits do you think are good for learning a language? Do you think it makes a difference having a scheduled time to study? 

Please feel free to leave a comment, question or suggestion below in 'comments'. I'd love to hear from you!



Word of the Day


Sunday

Pronunciation of 's' or 'es' endings in English

Similar to the 'ed' endings on English verbs, the 's' or 'es' we add to nouns and verbs do not sound the same. It also depends on the end sound of the word that it is attached to. Watch the slide show below.




Here are some good listening exercises I found on You Tube:












Feel free to leave a comment (Click the word 'comments' below), question or suggestion.


Have a wonderful day!

Word of the Day


Thursday

Pronunciation of 'ed' Endings on Regular Past Tense Verbs

Students are often confused by the pronunciation of 'ed' endings of the regular past tense verbs in English. There are three rules on the pronunciation of 'ed' endings, they are:

1. If the end sound in the word is k, s,ch, sh, f, p, th, the 'ed' is pronounced 't'.
Example: baked - puffed - stopped - missed - wished - watched

2. If the end sound in the word is 't' or 'd', the 'ed' is pronounced 'id'
Example: tested - waited - ended -  faded

3. All others are pronounced 'd'.
Example: rubbed - dragged - waved - caused - judged - called - seemed - cared - loaned - flowed - annoyed


Now remember in all these cases we are not talking about spelling, we are talking about sounds. Don't get confused by that. Pronounce the word first without the 'ed' ending to listen to what exactly the end sound is, then you will know how to pronounce the ending when it's attached to the word.










Here are some more practice lessons:

Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4

Feel free to leave a comment, question or suggestion. (click on the word 'comments' below)


Word of the Day